A soil is place in the grooving tool whichconsists of a brass cup and a hard rubber base. Liquid limit ll or wl the water content, in percent, of a soil at the arbitrarily defined boundary between the semiliquid and plastic states. These limits are expressed as percent water content. These guidelines introduced the concept of upward pricing pressure resulting from a merger between competing firms. The range of moisture contents over which the soil is plastic is used as a measure of the plasticity index. The solid state the semisolid state the plastic state the. They are, shrinkage limit liquid limit plastic limit. Department of justice and the federal trade commission recently updated their horizontal merger guidelines,1 which build. Fusionner pdf combiner en ligne vos fichiers pdf gratuitement. The physical significance of the atterberg limits is examined and theoretical relationships between the liquid and plastic limits and the clay content of a soil are developed. A quick reference guide swedish scientist albert atterberg was the first person to define the limits of soil consistency for the classification of finegrained soils. The organizing articles of the surviving entity shall not be amended pursuant to this merger. Fusionner des fichiers pdf combiner des fichiers pdf en ligne.
The contraction limit occurs when sufficient water is added to a dry soil for contraction cracks to close. The liquid limit ll or w ll, also known as the upper plastic limit, is the water content at which the soil changes from the liquid state to a plastic state. Check the lab log to ensure you are using the correct number. In recent years, in predicting the compaction parameters based on atterberg limits, the method of artifical neural networks was used 8,9. From hedgehog to fox in forty years carl shapiro the u. The atterberg limits which are most useful for engineering purposes are the liquid limit, plastic limit, and shrinkage limit. The limit is defined as the moisture content, in percent, required to close a distance of 0.
These limits distinguished the boundaries of the several consistency states of plastic soils. The atterberg limits consist of the following key values of moisture content the liquid limit ll is the moisture content at which a finegrained soil no longer flows like a liquid the plastic limit pl is the moisture content at which a finegrained soil can no longer be remolded without cracking the shrinkage limit sl is the moisture content at which a finegrained soil no longer. Other things being equal, the department is increasingly likely to challenge a merger as the difficulty of entry increase above that threshold. He divided the entire range from solid to liquid into four stages. The liquid limit and plasticity index in the unified soil classification system are determined and plotted on the plasticity chart. In this article we will discuss about the types and uses of consistency limits of soil. Pdf the limits of monopolization through acquisition. Economists comment june 4, 2010 we are a group of economists listed at the end of this letter with extensive experience working on antitrust issues, including horizontal mergers. Using the grooving tool, cut a groove at the center line of the soil cup. Atterberg limits are used extensively by soil scientists.
Combine pdfs in the order you want with the easiest pdf merger available. In this paper, the relations between the liquid limit w l, the plastic limit w p, maxi. They, together with natural water content, are essential descriptions of finegrained soils. Save form in the master folder of your test using the naming convention. In the vast majority of antitrust challenges to mergers and acquisitions, the matters have been resolved by consent order or decree.
The relationships are shown to be in good agreement with actual test data for inorganic and organic clays. Pdf atterberg limits are not appropriate for peat soils. Liquid limit is defined as the minimum water content at percent on dry bases. Matheson has also been commended by the ft for corporate law, finance law, dispute resolution and corporate strategy. Determine the liquid and plastic limit of soil samples for identification and classification of dried soil. The approach of the new horizontal merger guidelines the us department of justice and the federal trade commission released the 2010 horizontal merger guidelines on august 19, 2010. Salop vertical mergers can raise a variety of competitive concerns, including foreclosure, coordination, and misuse of sensitive competitive information. The amount of water in the soil determines the type of soil. As the moisture content of a soil decreases the soil passes from the liquid state to the plastic state to the solid state. Introduction 1 article 2 of council regulation ec no 92004 of 20 january 2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings1 hereinafter. With the aid of these results, an analysis is made to determine the. In 1911, atterberg, a swedish agricultural engineer, stated that a finegrained soil can exist in four states, namely, liquid, plastic, semisolid, or solid state, depending on its water content. For finegrained soils and organic soils, classification in the unified system is based on atterberg limits determined by the fraction passing the no. Fusionner pdf en ligne 100% gratuit sans email easy pdf.
The atterberg limits are a basic measure of the nature of a finegrained soil. Atterberg limits of sandbentonite mixes and the influence of sand composition 2 on sandbentonite mixtures, two commercially available bentonites with different swelling properties namely bentonite1 b1 and bentonite2 b2 were selected for this study. The atterberg limits of a soil or clay are the liquid limit, plastic limit, and plastic index, and allenl defi. They have been used in soil mechanics for over 50 years, providing a measure of the moisture content at which a soil tailings changes from. The tcc will ask its legal subcommittee to draft the merger notification thresholds and details of the criteria for pre merger filings in respect of particular businesses. Atterberg limit definition is a measure of a soil samples capacity for containing water used to determine the soils structural characteristics usually plural.
Effective as of the date of the merger, subject to shareholder approval, grww will adopt a 2007 stock option plan the 2007 stock plan under which an amount equal to 15% of the issued and outstanding shares of its common stock shall be reserved for grants to employees, board members, and consultants. Depending on the water content of the soil, slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. These guidelines replace the horizontal merger guidelines issued in 1992, revi sed in 1997. Atterberg limits reference data sheet reference data sheet 1 1. Astm d4318 used to test resiliency of hard rubber base of liquid limit machines, which should be done at 90day intervals to ensure base is in compliance with astm d4318 standard. Standard test methods for liquid limit, plastic limit, and. The sample changes from semisolid to solid state at the shrinkage limit boundary water content. This paper reports on the challenges associated with the determination of the atterberg limits for peat, fundamental issues regarding the appropriateness of atterberg limit concepts applied to. The water content at which the soils changes from one state to the other are known as consistency limits or atterberg s limit. However, as explained in digest 412 2, there are several reasons why the rule may not apply. Atterberg limits are the water contents which define transitions between the solid, plastic, and liquid states of a given soil material. This lab is performed to determine the plastic and liquid limits of a finegrained soil.
The atterberg limits comprise the liquid limit, plastic limit and shrinkage limit. Discussion of atterberg limits and remolded shear strengthwater content relationships article pdf available in geotechnical testing journal 374. The difference between the liquid limit and plastic limit is the plasticity index. Preparation of sample for atterberg test soil testing. A merger is a combination of two companies where one corporation is completely absorbed by another corporation. Depending on its water content, a soil may appear in one of four states. Merger guidelines legal definition of merger guidelines. No file limit, no ad watermarks a free and beautiful tool to combine your pdf files exactly the way you want it. The atterberg limits are a basic measure of the critical water contents of a finegrained soil. Atterberg limits of soil is the property of its rightful owner. We applaud the federal trade commission and the department of justice for inviting comments from the public on the. Pdf use of fall cones to determine atterberg limits. It addresses equipment, procedures, and personnel responsibilities. Astm d4318 17e1 standard test methods for liquid limit.
Place the soil in the casagrandes cup and using a spatula, smoothen the surface so that the maximum depth is about 8mm. Atterberg limit objective to determine the liquid limit. The plan of merger has been approved in accordance with the applicable laws of each entity that is a party to this merger. Atterberg defined three boundary levels between these four states. Aug 19, 2010 guidelines provide examples, they are illustrative and do not exhaust the applications of the relevant principle. Atterberg limit definition of atterberg limit by merriam. Jul 04, 2015 the amount of water in the soil determines the type of soil. The effect of mergers and acquisitions on the performance of companies the greek case of ionikilaiki bank and pisteos bank dimitrios maditinos1, kavala institute of technology nikolaos theriou2, kavala institute of technology efstathios demetriades3, kavala institute of technology abstract. Guide to merging financial businesses financial times 20122015 matheson is ranked in the fts top 10 european law firms 2015. Liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils1 this standard is issued under the. The group performed standard practice in determining the liquid limit, plastic limit, and. Agroove is cut at the center of the soil pat using astandard grooving tool. Preparation of sample for atterberg test rjeffery civilenvironmental 11 jan 06. The liquid limit ll is arbitrarily defined as the water content, in percent, at which a pat of soil in a standard cup and cut by a groove of standard.
Liquid limit is the moisture content, expressed as a percentage by weight of the ovendry soil, at which the soil will just begin to flow when. Definition liquid limit is defined as the water content at which the soil changes from liquid state to plastic state. The effect of mergers and acquisitions on the performance of. If so, share your ppt presentation slides online with. Knowing that the determination of these limits is also used to predict the shear strength and sedimentof soil. Atterberg limits are a basic measure of the critical water contents of a finegrained soil, such as its shrinkage limit, plastic limit, and liquid limit. The department of justice and the ftc have sought to clarify they way they analyze mergers through merger guidelines issued may 5, 1992 4 trade reg. Generally, merger remedies are classified as either structural or behavioural or conduct. The tests determine the consistency of clay and are used to characterize the finegrained fractions of soils. Changes to the organizing articles of the surviving entity to be effected by the merger are attached. The rule was written for a speciality symposiuminprint for. What its worth free download business valuation resources. Jul 11, 2011 how to convert html files to pdf files and use pdf splitmerge comsdk to split and merge pdf files. They have been used in soil mechanics for over 50 years, providing a measure of the moisture content at which a soil tailings changes from a liquid, to a plastic, to a semisolid, to a solid state.
Bentonite1 is moderately swelling while, bentonite2 is a high swelling bentonite. How to extract page ranges from pdf file to new pdf files. As these quantities are routinely and cheaply provided from soil testing laboratories, the rule may very readily be adopted. Atterberg limits series of thresholds which are observed when the water content of a soil is steadily changed.
Pdf merge combinejoin pdf files online for free soda pdf. How to extract pages from different pdf files and merge them into one single pdf file. It is the minimum moisture content at which a soil flows upon application of very small shear force. The atterberg limits liquid limit, plastic limit, and shrinkage limit provide a very useful indication of the properties of the tailings. Pdf discussion of atterberg limits and remolded shear. This free online tool allows to combine multiple pdf or image files into a single pdf document. You can be sure that our online platform is free and has no limitations. Aeg laboratory testing prices effective january 1, 2016 2 additional testing additional soil and rock testing is available, call for pricing. Batch import allows you to combine multiple files at once. Liquid limit and plastic limit tests lab experiments. Even though the ihcda income limits contained in our conventional income chart are set by state statute, fannie and freddies 80% ami income limits override our statutorily set limits.
The addition of further water leads to plastic deformation at the plastic limit. Fusionner pdf combinez des fichiers pdf gratuitement en ligne. When water is added into a soil mass, it changes its state from solid to liquid. Combine different pdf documents or other files types like images and merge them into one pdf. If either the liquid limit or plastic limit could not be determined, or if the. The 1992 guidelines were revised in 1997, almost concurrently with the ftcs challenge of the staplesoffice depot merger in federal court. Fusionner pdf fusionnez vos documents pdf en ligne pdf2go. Atterberg limits is a basic measure of the water content of finegrained soils, which include shrinkage limit, plastic limit, and liquid limit tests outlined in astm d4318. Astm d431810 standard test methods for liquid limit. Please use the fannie and freddie income limit lookup websites below to determine the respective 80% ami limits that ihcda must follow. The commentary on the horizontal merger guidelines issued by the. Atterberg limits ce 340002 valentine lang group m3 september 18, 2017 1 table of. Liquid limit, ll liquid limit is the water content of soil in which soil grains are separated by water.
Ppt atterberg limits of soil powerpoint presentation. Atterberg limits, liquid limit, plastic limit of soil. Liquid limit is defined as the minimum water content at percent on dry bases at which the soil changes its state from liquid to plastic state. Nearly 100 years later, his methods are still being used to determine the liquid limit, plastic limit and shrinkage limit of soils. For more information about any of our premier valuation products or services, please call 503 2917963 ext. The atterberg limits can be used to distinguish between silt and clay, and to distinguish between different types of silts and clays. Because the liquid limit and plastic limit are the two most commonly used atterberg limits, the following discussion is limited to the test procedures and calculation for these two laboratory tests. The water content at which the soil changes from one state to the other are known as consistency limits or atterberg s limits. Atterberg limits, then, are water contents at critical stages of soil behavior. The 1997 horizontal merger guidelines were replaced on august 19, 2010. These tests are used in evaluating soils, which will ultimately have structures bu.
Limit w l and plastic limit w p are atterberg limits. For example, illite exhibits a shrinkage limit of 15 % to 17% depending on particle sizes, while its plastic limit is typically 24 % to 52 %, and its liquid limit is typically 30% to 110 %. There soil can be classified into four states depending on the water content of soil. Atterberg limit test soil mechanics basic civil engineering.
This note explains the approach set out in the 2010 merger guidelines to. The liquid limit is the minimum moisture content at which the soil can flow under its own weight. Pdf merge online is anonymous and secure, no hidden costs. Atterberg, a wellknown scientist, suggested three values namely upper plastic limit, lower plastic limit and plasticity. These limits were created by albert atterberg, a swedish agriculturist in 1911. Mergers as a st rategy for success 2016 report from the metropolitan chicago nonprofit merger research project donald haider katherine cooper reyhaneh maktoufi. The cup is then repeatedlydrooped from a height of 10 mm until a grooveclosure of 12. This video is prepared in 2011 by middle east technical university civil engineering department. This document covers the determination of the liquid limit and the plastic limit only. The clay research group the clay research the clay. Need support on how to split single pdf into multiple files. They are as follows, solid semi solid liquid plastic nearly sixty years ago a chemist known as a.
Atterberg limits tests consist of two tests called plastic limit, pl, and liquid limit, ll. Questa rock pile stability study sop 54v7 atterberg limits page 3 rev. Atterberg limits of soil the term atterberg limits is named as per the swedish agriculturist albert atterberg. The liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils are also used extensively, either individually or together. Liquid limit resiliency tester supports the following standards. Policy issues and an interim guide for practitioners.
1054 395 1410 426 135 1660 884 840 127 1625 1191 949 4 1503 872 1637 341 1032 772 520 1129 645 1191 307 477 1191 1219 1177 884 510 315 1009 1137 1468 357 970 1208 1283